CASE INDEX CFI-044-2026
Case Overview
Dispute Origin
- Legal representation provided by the Defendants to the Claimants in prior proceedings (Claim CFI-066-2024).
Primary Breaches & Wrongdoings
- Fabricated Case Law: The Defendants repeatedly drafted and filed Amended Defences containing fabricated citations to non-existent DIFC case law.
- Unauthorized Filings: These defective pleadings were filed without the Claimants’ prior review or consent.
- Misrepresentation to the Court: The Defendants signed Statements of Truth on documents containing false legal citations, directly violating RDC Part 22.22.
- Procedural Failures: The Defendants provided erroneous assurances regarding document disclosure compliance and failed to manage an initial Wasted Costs Order.
- Failure to Mitigate: After the opposing parties identified the fabricated citations, the Defendants failed to disclose their communications with the opposing parties to the Claimants and failed to take prompt remedial action.
Damages & Prayer for Relief
- Wasted Costs Order: AED 343,953.75 as strict compensation for the adverse costs order imposed on the Claimants on 24 March 2026 due to the Defendants’ defective filings.
- Restitution of Legal Fees: AED 75,000 for the legal representation fees paid to the Defendants.
- Wasted Court Fees: AED 48,000 for court fees and disbursements wasted on the defective filings and struck-out Counterclaim.
- Corrective Costs: AED 45,000 for the additional costs incurred by the Claimants to correct, replace, or respond to the defective submissions.
- Additional Relief: Reimbursement of all costs incurred in bringing the present proceedings, plus applicable DIFC law interest.
Background of the Dispute
- The Claimants hired the Defendants on 7 October 2024 to defend them in case CFI-066-2024.
- The Retainer Agreement mandated comprehensive legal services, including case review, legal advisory, procedural work, drafting pleadings, and court representation.
- The agreed total fee for these legal services was AED 110,000.
Causes of Action
- Breach of Contract: The Defendants failed to perform their contractual obligations to competently advise the Claimants and allow them to verify pleadings prior to submission.
- Professional Negligence: The Defendants breached their duty of care under the DIFC Law of Obligations (Article 18) by failing to exercise the standard of care expected of a competent DIFC legal practitioner.
- Breach of DIFC Court Rules (RDC): The Defendants violated the Overriding Objective (RDC Part 1.6) by unnecessarily prolonging proceedings and violated rules regarding Statements of Truth (RDC Part 22).
- Breach of the Mandatory Code of Conduct: The Defendants breached multiple provisions of DIFC Courts’ Order No. 2 of 2025, including making misleading statements of law and utilizing unverified AI hallucinations in pleadings.
1. CFI Claim Form – 28-Apr-2026
Brief Details of Claim
- Nature of the Dispute
1.1 This claim is brought for breach of contract, professional negligence, and breaches of the DIFC Mandatory Code of Conduct.
1.2 The dispute arises from legal representation provided by the Defendants to the Claimants in DIFC proceedings under case number CFI-066-2024.
- Summary of Facts
2.1 The Claimants entered into a Retainer Agreement with the Defendants on 7 October 2024 for legal representation in case CFI-066-2024.
2.2 In breach of their duties, the Defendants repeatedly filed amended defense documents without the Claimants’ prior review or authorization.
2.3 These filings were procedurally defective and contained fabricated, AI-generated and wrong referenced citations to non-existent DIFC Court cases.
2.4 As a direct consequence of the Defendants’ professional negligence and misconduct, the DIFC Court struck out the defective pleadings and issued adverse costs orders against the Claimants.
Remedy Sought
- Damages of AED 343,953.75 to strictly compensate for the Wasted Costs Order issued on 24 March 2026.
- II. Restitution of AED 55,000 representing legal fees paid to the Defendants.
- II. Restitution of AED 48,000 for wasted court fees and disbursements related to the defective filings.
- III. Compensation of AED 45,000 for additional costs incurred in correcting and responding to the defective submissions.
- IV. Reimbursement of all costs incurred in bringing the present proceedings.
- V. Interest as per the DIFC Court commercial standard
- VI. Any further or other relief the Court deems just and equitable.
2. Particulars of claim – 12-May-2026
KEY EVENTS
1. The Contradictory Disclosure Assurances – 30 June 2025
The Defendants provided written assurances that all documents required for the Court’s April disclosure order had already been disclosed on 27 March 2025, that no further disclosure was needed, and that the Defence was actively being drafted.
2. The First Unauthorized Filing – 10 July 2025
The Defendants filed an Application Notice and a draft Amended Defence—complete with a signed Statement of Truth and their official firm seal without giving you a chance to review or consult on it first. Under DIFC Rules (RDC 22.22), a legal representative signing a Statement of Truth certifies that their client has authorized the document
3. The Irregular Witness Statement Admissions – 22 July 2025
The Defendants drafted Witness Statements for us to sign, which contained highly damaging admissions stating that you failed to produce standard documents due to a lack of legal knowledge when you were self-represented.
4. Defiance of Instructions and Repeated Filing – 28 July 2025 & 4 August 2025
The Defendants filed a “Further Amended of Defence” and resubmitted it again on August 4, once again entirely bypassing your review and acting in direct contravention of your explicit instructions.
5. The First Wasted Costs Order – 7 August 2025
The DIFC Court issued a Wasted Costs Order against you due to the “belated procedural irregularities and defective filings” submitted by your counsel. The Defendants failed to advise you on the financial and procedural implications of this adverse order.
6. The Core Breach: Discovery of AI-Fabricated Case Law – 28 August 2025
Following a court hearing, you reviewed the documents and discovered that the multiple Amended Defences filed by the Defendants contained fabricated citations to non-existent DIFC case law (generated via unverified AI use). You also discovered the Defendants had actively hidden their communications with the opposing party trying to cover up this misconduct.
7. Immediate Mitigation & Retainer Termination – 2 September 2025
After demanding an urgent explanation on August 28 and receiving no substantive remedy, you filed a formal declaration of non-responsibility and a Notice of Change of Legal Representative, immediately terminating the Defendants’ mandate.
8. The Judicial Strike-Out and Penalty – 4 September 2025
The DIFC Court issued a penal order striking out your Amended Defences due to AI misuse, mandating that any future proposed Defence be accompanied by a solicitor’s sworn Affidavit confirming AI was not utilized, and ordering you to pay the costs of the Strike-Out Application.
Core Breaches Timeline in (CFI-066-2024)
| Date | The Event (The Breach) | Your Core Argument for the Judge |
| 30 Jun 2025 | Defendants provided written assurance that all documents were fully disclosed on 27 March 2025. | Contradiction: This directly contradicts the damaging admissions they forced us to sign just three weeks later. |
| 10 Jul 2025 | First draft Amended Defence filed with a signed Statement of Truth, without client review | Unauthorized Filing: This breaches RDC 22.22; we never saw, reviewed, or authorized this submission. |
| 22 Jul 2025 | Defendants drafted Witness Statements making us admit disclosure failures due to “lack of knowledge”. | Wasted Time & Inconsistency: Why did they assure us of compliance on 30 June, waste weeks, and then make us admit failure? |
| 28 Jul & 4 Aug 2025 | Resubmitted “Further Amendment of Defence” repeatedly without client review. | Defiance of Instructions: A systematic, repeated refusal to allow us to review critical court documents prior to submission. |
| 7 Aug 2025 | Court issued First Wasted Costs Order; Defendants failed to advise us of the financial risks. | Failure to Advise: They ignored a massive judicial red flag and failed to take any remedial steps. |
| 28 Aug 2025 | We discovered the pleadings contained fabricated, AI-generated DIFC case law. | The Core Breach: They actively misrepresented the law to the Court and hid their cover-up attempts from us. |
| 2 Sep 2025 | We formally terminated the Defendants’ mandate. | Required Mitigation: We had to fire them immediately to stop them from causing further procedural and financial damage. |
| 4 Sep 2025 | Court struck out the Defences entirely due to the AI misuse and ordered costs against us. | Proximate Cause of Damages: This order proves our financial penalty (AED 343,953.75) was purely punishing the Counsel’s procedural misconduct. |
FULL PARTICULARS OF CLAIM
1 Definitions and Interpretation
1.1 Any reference to the separate DIFC proceedings within the context of these Particulars of Claim under case number CFI-066-2024 is defined as the “CFI-066-2024 Proceedings.”
1.2 Alternative designations are utilized when referencing the parties’ specific capacities in the CFI-066-2024 Proceedings within Sections 3, 4, and 5 to ensure clarity and avoid ambiguity.
A – Reference to the Claimants herein within Sections 3, 4, and 5 is as follows: “CFI Defendants” refers collectively to the defendants in the CFI-066-2024 Proceedings, namely Mr. Salah Masri and Ms. Iuliia Valiullina.
B – Reference to the Defendants herein within Sections 3, 4, and 5 is as follows: “CFI Counsel” refers collectively to Ms. Harjeet Bhatia and Lutfi & Co. when it is necessary to refer to them in their former capacity as legal representatives.
C – Reference to the Claimants in the CFI-066-2024 Proceedings is as follows: “CFI Claimants” refers collectively to the claimants in those prior proceedings.
1.3 The aforementioned defined terms are utilized throughout the present proceedings to expressly distinguish between the parties presently and the parties in the CFI-066-2024 Proceedings.
2 Introduction
2.1 The Claimants entered into a legal representation agreement dated 7 October 2024 with the Defendants, relying upon their express representations, proposed defence strategies, and assurances regarding their competence and capacity to robustly defend the Claimants before the DIFC Courts. Annexure 1
2.2 Relying upon these professional assurances, the Claimants executed a formal legal representation agreement (the “Retainer Agreement”) with the Second Defendant, designating the First Defendant as the primary legal practitioner.
2.3 The express terms of the Retainer Agreement mandated the provision of comprehensive legal services, specifically encompassing the following duties: I. Case Review of all case files, evidence, and pleadings submitted by the opposing parties (the “CFI Claimants”) and Legal Assessment:
II. Legal Advisory, client consultations and strategic legal advice.
III. Procedural and court work, drafting and filing pleadings, explicitly including the Statement of Defence.
IV. Representation, acting as legal counsel on record for the Claimants before the DIFC Courts.
V. Communication, providing prompt and continuous case updates to the Claimants.
2.4 Pursuant to the Retainer Agreement, the Defendants assumed full representation of the Claimants. Consequently, the Defendants thereby owed a contractual, professional, and fiduciary duty to:
I. Acquire a comprehensive understanding of the factual and legal matrix of the CFI-066-2024 Proceedings prior to executing any procedural steps;
II. Competently advise the Claimants regarding their legal posture and potential liabilities; and
III. Ensure the substantive quality, factual accuracy, and procedural propriety of all pleadings submitted to the Court, while keeping the Claimants fully informed.
2.5 In consideration for these legal services, the parties agreed to a total fee of AED 110,000, Furthermore, the Claimants were liable for all standard expenses, disbursements, and third-party costs.
Annexure Court Fees – Annexure P
2.6 The Claimants promptly provided the Defendants with the necessary supporting documents and were prepared to supply any additional materials upon the Defendants’ request. They also explicitly informed the Defendants through electronic communication of a Court-issued schedule and the subsequent disclosure order in the CFI-066-2024 Proceedings.
Annexure 2 – Annexure Order-18-Apr-25
3 The First Cause Leading to Damage – Prior Proceedings Section.
3.1 On 5 and 15 June 2025, the CFI Defendants formally articulated written concerns regarding the CFI Counsel’s procedural deficiencies and non-performance with respect to the Court disclosure order of 18 April 2025.
3.2. In response, on 30 June 2025, the CFI Counsel provided written assurances that the documents requisite for compliance with the April disclosure order had already been disclosed by the CFI Defendants on 27 March 2025, that no further disclosure was required, and that the drafting of the Defence was actively underway. Annexure 3 – Annexure 4
3.3 Notwithstanding these representations, the CFI Counsel delayed filing the mandatory Notice of Change of Legal Representative with the DIFC Court until 30 June 2025 and 3 July 2025, respectively.
4 The Second Cause Leading to Damage – Prior Proceedings Section.
4.1 On 10 July 2025, the CFI Counsel filed an Application Notice seeking leave to amend the Defence, including a drafted Amended Defence, verified by a bearing the CFI Counsel’s official seal.
4.1 a ) This draft of Amended Defence was submitted before the Court without prior consultation or review by the CFI Defendants, acting in direct violation of standard legal practice.
4.1 b ) This pleading was accompanied by Supporting Documents which had been reproduced by the CFI Counsel.
4.2 On 18 July 2025, an Order of H.E. Justice Thomas Bathurst, following a hearing on 17 July, directed;
4.3 On 22 July 2025, the CFI Counsel drafted Witness Statements for the CFI Defendants, containing the following highly irregular admissions;
4.3 a) Mr. Masri’s witness statement stated that during the initial Case Management Conference (3 March 2025), he acted as a self-represented litigant for himself and the other defendants. He admits he failed to produce standard documents by the 21 April 2025 deadline due to a lack of legal knowledge. Para 4-7
4.3 b) Ms. Valiullina’s witness statement states she was not legally represented initially and relied entirely on Mr. Masri to represent her position. She acknowledges her procedural non compliance regarding document production deadlines, attributing it to a lack of understanding of DIFC Court rules. Para 1-6 Annexure July Wit.Stats
4.4 The Claimants were compelled to sign these Witness Statements to avoid further delay and in the expectation that the CFI Counsel would effectively manage the proceedings before the Court.
4.4 a ) These admissions drafted by the CFI Counsel within the CFI Defendants’ Witness Statements stood in direct contradiction to the written assurances of full compliance regarding the Document Production order of 18 April.
4.4 b) Between 5 June and 22 July 2025, a considerable time was wasted wherein the CFI Counsel could have prepared or advised the CFI Defendants to produce further or better Supporting Documents to meet the Court’s directions.
4.5 On 28 July 2025, the CFI Counsel filed a ” Further Amendment of Defence” on behalf of the CFI Defendants alongside the reproduced Supporting Documents, once again without providing drafts of the Defence to the CFI Defendants for review, acting in direct contravention of the CFI Defendants’ explicit instructions. Annexure 5 Including list of misleading citations
4.5 a ) On 4 August 2025, the CFI Counsel resubmitted a “Further Amendment of Defence” dated 26 July 2025, thereby once again depriving the CFI Defendants of any opportunity to review the drafts of the Defence prior to filing. No justification was provided for this omission.
4.6 On 7 August 2025, as a direct consequence of the CFI Counsel’s belated procedural irregularities and defective filings, the Court issued a Wasted Costs Order against the CFI Defendants, stipulating: “The CFI Defendants shall each pay the CFI Claimants their respective wasted costs arising with procedural steps taken and applications filed pertaining to such amendments.” The Court further ordered the CFI Defendants to file and serve an affidavit regarding deficiencies in document disclosure by 11 August 2025. Annexure-First-Cost-Order-7-Aug-2025
4.6 a ) The CFI Counsel failed to advise the CFI Defendants regarding the financial and procedural implications of this adverse Costs Order, nor did they provide any legal or factual justification for the procedural complications they had precipitated. Annexure 6 Including list of misleading citations
4.6 b ) Further, on 11 August 2025, the CFI Counsel reproduced and filed a new volume of Supporting Documents accompanied by an Affidavit signed by the CFI Defendants.
4.6 c) And again, on 12 August 2025, as per the DIFC Court Portal, a further submission of Defence dated 27 July 2025 was recorded.
4.7 On 28 August 2025, a Skeleton Argument was drafted and filed by the CFI Counsel on behalf of the CFI Defendants, asserting that;
4.7 a) The CFI Counsel stated that a duplicate application to amend the Defence was generated by a court system error. They asked the Court to disregard it; and
I. “The Defendants acknowledge the wasted costs order made against each of them in respect of the amendments,”
II. “The Defendants therefore seek directions that such costs be paid by way of staged payments”.
4.8 Following a hearing on 28 August 2025, the CFI Defendants reviewed the opposing parties’ Skeleton Argument and supporting documents and discovered severe substantive defects in the Defences drafted by the CFI Counsel. They realized that;
4.8 a ) The multiple Amended Defences filed contained fabricated citations to non-existent DIFC case law, evidently generated through the unverified use of Artificial Intelligence or otherwise through unverified legal research; and
4.8 b ) The CFI Counsel failed to disclose to the CFI Defendants their communications with the opposing parties attempting to justify this misconduct. Annexure 7
4.9 The CFI Defendants immediately initiated documented written correspondence demanding an urgent explanation regarding the defective filings. They explicitly sought an assessment of the foreseeable prejudice to the CFI Defendants and requested immediate, practical remedial steps to mitigate the procedural damage. Annexure 8
4.9 a ) In response to these demands, the CFI Counsel failed to provide any timely or substantive remedy and merely requested to schedule a meeting at a later date, which they subsequently sought to postpone.
4.9 b ) Given the exigency of the procedural posture and the imminent risk of compounding prejudice, the CFI Defendants were compelled to mitigate their losses by filing a formal declaration of non-responsibility and a Notice of Change of Legal Representative on 2
September 2025, terminating the CFI Counsel’s mandate.
4.10 Two days later, on 4 September 2025, the DIFC Court issued a further penal order directly addressing the CFI Defendants’ defective filings, ruling that:
- The Amended Defences filed by the Defendants be Struck Out.
- Any Subsequent proposed defence must be filed in draft and subject to Court Approval.
- Any future Amended Defence must be accompanied by an instructing solicitor’s sworn Affidavit confirming that Artificial Intelligence was not utilized.
- The CFI Defendants shall pay the Claimants’ costs of the Strike Out Application. Annexure Strike-Out-Order-4-Sep-2025
5 Mitigation Efforts Undertaken by the CFI Defendants
The CFI Claimants submitted their Statement of Wasted Costs incurred as a direct result of the conduct and filings executed by the CFI Counsel, totaling AED 735,845.42.
5.2 This Statement of Costs was followed by a formal objection from the CFI Defendants (acting as litigants in person), requesting a judicial assessment of the total costs claimed to mitigate the financial exposure caused by the CFI Counsel.
5.3 On 24 March 2026, the DIFC Court ordered the CFI Defendants to pay the CFI Claimants AED 343,953.75, stating: “IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT The First, Second and Third Defendants pay the costs ordered by the Court in the Order of 7 August 2025 and the 4 September Order assessed in an amount of AED 343,953.75.”
5.4 This adverse costs order is the direct and proximate result of the professional misconduct of the CFI Counsel. It is entirely unrelated to the substantive merits of the underlying CFI-066-2024 Proceedings, but is rather a punitive measure directed at the procedural failures executed by the CFI Counsel on the CFI Defendants’ behalf.
6 Events Subsequent to the Court’s Costs Order
6.1 Following the issuance of the Wasted Costs Order, the Claimants formally notified the Defendants’ office of this adverse costs liability. The Defendants failed to provide any substantive response. Annexure Strike-Out-Order-4-Sep-2025
6.2 Consequently, a DIFC notarised legal notice dated 1 April 2026 (the “Legal Notice”) was served electronically and via courier upon both Defendants. The Legal Notice apprised the Defendants of the intended litigation and sought pre-action restitution for losses sustained as a direct consequence of their breach of contract and professional negligence.
6.3 In electronic correspondence dated 3 April 2026, the First Defendant provided a response averring that the Claimants’ decision to terminate the retainer precipitated the incurred losses by precluding the filing of further defence materials, stating that the “contents of the Claimants’ email appear to be lacking any legal basis.
6.4 On 24 April 2026, the Second Defendant issued a formal reply to the Legal Notice, rejecting liability entirely. The Defendants argued that the procedural detriment was attributable to the Claimants having conducted the proceedings in person prior to instructing them, thereby handing them a ” procedurally compromised” case.
6.5 The Defendants further contended that the CFI Claimants’ refusal to consent to a corrected filing, coupled with the abrupt termination of the retainer, denied the Firm the opportunity to respond to the strike-out application and mitigate the costs impact. Finally, they highlighted that the Wasted Costs Orders were made against the Claimants personally.
6.6 The Claimants submit that these pre-action responses fundamentally fail to exculpate the Defendants, nor do they add any valid legal or factual justification for the primary breach of the unauthorized drafting and filing of misleading references and AI-generated pleadings containing fabricated citations.
6.6 a) The present claim is confined to the specific pleadings and conduct that led to the damages, and the Defendants may rely upon any further materials from the CFI-066-2024 Proceedings if they contend that such materials answer the claim.
6.7 The attempt to shift blame to the Claimants’ prior status as litigants in person does not excuse or justify the Defendants’ subsequent and independent introduction of fabricated case law into formal Court pleadings.
6.8 Furthermore, the fact that the adverse Wasted Costs were ordered against the Claimants personally is precisely the foundation of the present claim, as those personal financial penalties were the direct, proximate result of the Defendants’ professional negligence and defective filings.
6.9 A Claim Form P7 was served electronically and via courier upon both Defendants, The Defendants intend to defend this claim Annexure 9
7 Particulars and specification of Breach
7.1 The Claimants specifically identify the Drafted Defences documents repeatedly filed by the Defendants as the primary source of the breach. The Claimants restrict these particulars to the primary offending documents to maintain conciseness, rather than listing the entirety of all repeated submissions made by the Defendants.
7.2 The inclusion of fabricated references to non-existent court cases and/or erroneously cited court cases constitutes misconduct and gross negligence, directly resulting in the financial damage sustained.
7.3 First Cause, the defective filings encompass: (a) The submission entitled ” Amendment (b) The further submission entitled ” to Further the Statement Amendment of to Defense”. the Statement of Defense”. The aforementioned are the documents that contained materially misleading information, including extensive references to non-existent DIFC Court cases.
7.4 Second Cause, include; I. The erroneous assurances provided by the Defendants during June 2025 that all the documents ordered for disclosure had already been disclosed by the CFI Defendants; II. The procedurally defective manner of submitting supporting documents; and III. The Defendants’ complete failure to manage the initial Wasted Costs Order when time permitted remedial action.
8 Breach and Negligence
8.1 The Claimants were repeatedly deprived of the opportunity to review the drafted Defences prior to their filing and were forced to independently retrieve the submitted formal Defences from the DIFC Court portal only after the same had been reviewed by the Court.
8.2 Consequently, the Claimants bear no responsibility for the drafting of the Defences, nor did they consent to or authorize such drafting practices.
8.3 The Claimants cannot be held liable for the Defendants’ initial failure to scrutinize the list of documents ordered for disclosure, particularly after the Defendants falsely advised the Claimants that all requested documents had been disclosed.
8.4. Had the Defendants acted competently, the initial defence would have been accurately drafted, thereby precluding the necessity for the subsequent cascade of repeated amendments, procedural disorder, and the ensuing Wasted Costs Orders.
8.5 Furthermore, the submission of unverified pleadings, whether AI-generated or otherwise, containing fabricated case law violates Part 22 of the Rules of the DIFC Courts (RDC), which strictly governs Statements of Truth. Specifically, pursuant to RDC 22.22, a legal representative’s signature on a Statement of Truth operates as a formal statement that the client has authorized the document and believes its contents to be true.
8.5 a) The Defendants’ signature on documents containing false legal citations without the Claimants’ prior review or authorization constitutes a severe procedural breach and a misrepresentation to the Court.
8.6 The facts pleaded in paragraphs 8.1 to 8.5 evidence a sustained course of professional negligence, contractual breach, and constitute the sole proximate cause of the procedural detriment and adverse costs consequences imposed upon the Claimants.
9 List of Relevant Filing in CFI-066-2024.
8.1 The Claimants were repeatedly deprived of the opportunity to review the drafted Defences prior to their filing and were forced to independently retrieve the submitted formal Defences from the DIFC Court portal only after the same had been reviewed by the Court.
10 Breaches of the DIFC Mandatory Code of Conduct
8.1 The Claimants were repeatedly deprived of the opportunity to review the drafted Defences prior to their filing and were forced to independently retrieve the submitted formal Defences from the DIFC Court portal only after the same had been reviewed by the Court.
11 Statutory and Regulatory Framework
11.1 The Claimants rely upon the following DIFC laws, RDC provisions and rules as supporting the causes of action pleaded below. These provisions are relied upon both as direct procedural standards and as evidence of the standard of competence, care, diligence and candours reasonably expected from DIFC Court practitioners.
A. DIFC Contract Law No. 6 of 2004
11.2 The Retainer Agreement was a contract for the provision of legal services. The Claimants rely upon the Contract Law, including:
(a) Article 57, good faith and fair dealing in contractual performance;
(b) Article 77, as non-performance includes failure to perform contractual obligations, including defective or late performance;
(c) Article 109, the aggrieved party a right to damages;
(d) Article 110, as the aggrieved party is entitled to full compensation for harm sustained as a result of non-performance;
(e) Article 113, as recoverable harm is harm which was foreseen or could reasonably have been foreseen as likely to result from non-performance; and
(f) Articles 117 to 119, insofar as they concern mitigation and interest.
B. DIFC Law of Obligations No. 5 of 2005
11.3 The Claimants rely upon the Law of Obligations, including:
(a) Article 17, which provides the elements of negligence, namely duty, breach, causation and loss;
(b) Article 18, which concerns the existence of a duty of care, including foreseeability, proximity, and whether it is fair, just and reasonable for the duty to exist;
(c) Article 20, as the claim includes pure economic loss suffered as a consequence of professional negligence; and
(d) Article 21, as it concerns the standard of care expected from a person acting in a professional capacity.
C. DIFC Law of Damages and Remedies No. 7 of 2005
11.4 The Claimants rely upon the Law of Damages and Remedies insofar as it supports the recovery of damages for breach of contract and/or breach of obligations, including full compensation, foreseeability, mitigation, interest, and the recovery of reasonably incurred
expenses caused by the breach.
11.5 Rules of the DIFC Courts (RDC)
(a) RDC Part 1.6 (2,3) (The Overriding Objective): Mandating the efficient, economical, and fair resolution of disputes.
(b) RDC Part 22 (Statements of Truth): Specifically RDC 22.22, which dictates that a legal representative signing a Statement of Truth asserts that they are authorized by their client to do so and that the client believes the pleaded facts to be true.
11.6 DIFC Courts’ Order No. 2 of 2025 The Mandatory Code of Conduct for Legal Practitioners, which enforces strict ethical and professional standards, as particularized in Section 10.
12 Jurisdiction
12.1 This Honourable Court has jurisdiction over the present claim as the dispute arises out of legal services provided in connection with proceedings before the DIFC Courts. The Defendants acted as registered legal practitioners before the DIFC Courts, and the pleaded wrongdoing occurred in the conduct of litigation within the DIFC.
12.2 Further and/or alternatively, the claim arises from a contract for legal services and tortious acts occurring within the DIFC.
13 Causes of Action
13.1 The Claimants rely upon the facts pleaded as constituting the following distinct causes of action:
A . Breach of Contract
13.2 The Defendants fundamentally breached the express and implied terms of the Retainer Agreement, failed to perform their contractual obligations to advise the Claimants, and allow the Claimants to verify drafted Defences prior to submission; and
I. submitting pleadings containing fabricated or unverified legal citations;
II. failing to correct defective filings promptly;
III. failing to take effective remedial steps after the first wasted costs order; and
IV. causing the Claimants to incur foreseeable adverse costs, corrective costs, court fees and other loss.
C . Breach of the Rules
13.4 The Defendants’ conduct violated RDC Part 1.6 (The Overriding Objective) by unnecessarily prolonging proceedings and wasting Court resources. Furthermore, the Defendants violated RDC Part 22 by appending Statements of Truth to documents containing
fabricated and unverified legal assertions.
D . Breach of the Mandatory Code of Conduct
13.5 The Defendants breached multiple provisions of the Code, as fully particularised in Section 10 herein.
14 The DIFC Court Costs Order in CFI-066-2024
14.1 As clearly stated, this order was executed as a direct, foreseeable, and proximate consequence of the Defendants’ professional negligence and defective filings, and therefore constitutes recoverable loss.
19 Prayer for Relief
19.1 The Claimants respectfully request this Honourable Court to grant the following reliefs:
• Damages in the amount of AED 343,953.75, representing strict compensation in respect of the Wasted Costs Order dated 24 March 2026.
• Restitution of the fees paid for the legal representation provided by the Defendants, totaling AED 75,000.
• Restitution of the court fees and related disbursements wasted in respect of the defective filings, including wasted costs incurred with the struck-out Counterclaim, totaling AED 48,000.
• Compensation for the additional costs incurred in correcting, replacing, or responding to the defective submissions, totaling AED 45,000.
• Reimbursement of all costs incurred in bringing the present proceedings.
• interest pursuant to applicable DIFC law and/or at such rate and for such period as the Court considers just.
• Any further or other relief the Court deems just and equitable.
Supporting Documents Overview
| Annexure 1. – Part 1 – Date: October 02, 2024 | The Primary Retainer Agreement | Content: This is the core Engagement Letter between Lutfi & Co. and (Salah Masri) |
| Scope in short : It outlines the legal duties | Such as case review, risk assessments, and drafting/filing the Statement of Defence against a claim filed by Klesta Eshja. | It specifies Ms. Harjeet Bhatia as Senior Counsel. |
| Annexure 1. – Part 2 – Date: July 25, 2025 | The Advocacy Extensions for Court Hearings | This consists of three individual, specific follow-up letters addressed to you, Iuliia Valiullina, and your company (Hair Crafters Company Ltd). |
| Scope in short : It explicitly states the name of (Part II Registered Practitioner ) | and that his role is strictly limited to the attend hearings based on instructions from Ms. Harjeet Kaur, | and that he bears no responsibility for the preparation or filing of the underlying court documents. |
| Annexure 2 – Date: 18 March 2025 | An email exchange between The First Claimant and his legal counsel, Lutfi & Co. | The First Claimant provided his lawyers with 20 attached case documents. Crucially, he explicitly informed them that he had already filed 13 of these specific documents with the court and opposing counsel, as ordered by the judge on 3 March 2025. |
| Annexure 3 – Date: 15 June 2025 | The First Claimant expresses deep concern n over the law firm’s failure to prepare the required defense or notify the court of their representation, three months after signing the Power of Attorney. | demanding a logical explanation and submission of the documents or he will terminate the contract and seek a refund. |
| Annexure 4 – Date: 30, June 2025 is a response to “serious concern” | An email from Karina Manaf (Lutfi & Co.) to The First Claimant, regarding missed deadlines, the law firm explicitly assures him that all necessary documents ordered by the Court on April 18 had already been submitted by Mr. Masri himself on March 27. | The email provides a detailed list of these documents and outlines a multi-step plan to file the Statement of Defense (either by consent order or application notice) before the July 17 hearing. |
| Annexure 5 – Date Produced: 1 May 2026 A primary evidence of the professional negligence claim, containing the actual defective pleadings filed by the Defendants (Lutfi & Co.) in the prior case (CFI-066-2024). | the annexure includes a direct analysis table highlighting all the fabricated, non-existent DIFC case laws (such as fake Brookfield Multiplex and Al Tamimi citations) and wrong case numbers embedded throughout the text by the Defendants. | Core Content: The Pleadings: Copies of the Amended Statement of Defense (9 July 2025), Further Amendment – Salah Masri (26 July 2025), and Further Amendment – Luliia Valiullina (27 July 2025). |
| Annexure 6 – Date Produced: 12 May 2026 A further evidence of the Defendants’ procedural misconduct and negligence, It proves that the Defendants re-submitted the defective, AI-generated pleadings even after the initial Wasted Costs Order was issued. | Evidence of Persistent AI Hallucinations: Crucially, the document includes an analysis table demonstrating that these August re-submissions still contained the exact same fabricated, non-existent DIFC case law (e.g., the fake Brookfield Multiplex and Al Tamimi citations) as the July filings. | Core Content: contains copies of the “of defense” originally dated July 26/27, but re-submitted on 4 August 2025 and officially filed by the Court on 5 August 2025 (Defence with Counterclaim for Salah Masri) and 4 August 2025 (Defence without counterclaim for Luliia Valiullina). |
| Annexure 7 – Date 14 August 2025, An email exchange between the CFI Claimant’s Counsel and the Defendants via (Karina Manaf at Lutfi & Co.) in the underlying case CFI-066-2024 | The Problem: The Claimant’s Counsel wrote to Lutfi & Co. stating they were unable to locate ten specific DIFC case law citations relied upon by Lutfi & Co. in the Amended Statements of Defense. They requested copies of these authorities to prepare their response. | The Admission & Cover-Up Attempt: In response, Lutfi & Co. (Karina Manaf) provided five links to seemingly related but different cases and admitted that their pleadings contained “clerical citation errors” regarding the case names and neutral citations. They asked the Claimant’s Counsel for consent to file a corrected version of the Defences to fix these “clerical” errors. |
| Annexure-First-Cost-Order-7-Aug-2025. | A formal Order issued by H.E. Justice Thomas Bathurst in the DIFC Court, | Wasted Costs Penalty: Crucially, that (Salah Masri), as well as the Second and Third Defendants, to pay the Claimants’ “wasted costs” arising from these amendments |
| Annexure 8 – Date 29 August 2025. | An email from The First Claimant to his legal counsel, Karina Manaf and Harjeet Bhatia at Lutfi & Co. | Core Content: Mr. Masri demands an urgent explanation after reviewing the claimant’s submissions and discovering that his own lawyers had filed AI-generated pleadings containing fake court cases and that they had secretly admitted this error to the opposing counsel while asking for time to correct it. |
| Annexure 10 – Date 9 September 2025. | A formal “Statement of Costs” submitted to the DIFC Courts in the underlying case (CFI-066-2024). | The statement calculates the extensive hours spent by the opposing legal team manually checking the fabricated case laws and responding to the defective filings, resulting in a demanded Grand Total of AED 735,845.42 in wasted costs and disbursements. |
| Annexure 11 – Date 3 April 2026 (initial email response) and 24 April 2026 (formal legal reply) | The Defendants’ formal pre-action response rejecting your claims and denying all liability. | Core Arguments Made by the Defendants: Pre-existing Disadvantage: They argue that because you represented yourself for nine months before hiring them, you handed them a “procedurally compromised” case, and their filings were merely attempts to progress it. Downplaying the Fabricated Citations: They claim the fake case laws were simply “clerical citation errors” that did not change the substance of the case. They blame the opposing counsel for refusing their request to silently correct the errors and instead pursuing the strike-out application. Blaming You for the Financial Penalty: They argue that by abruptly terminating their representation on 2 September 2025, you denied them the opportunity to defend against the strike-out application or mitigate the financial impact. Consequently, they argue you assumed full responsibility for the Wasted Costs Order, noting that the Court ordered the costs against you personally, not the law firm. |
| Annexure-Strike-Out-Order-4-Sep-2025, the definitive judicial proof | A formal Order issued by H.E. Justice Thomas Bathurst in the DIFC Court, This order follows a Case Management Conference held on 28 August 2025, addressing the Claimants’ application to strike out the Defendants’ amended pleadings due to the use of fabricated AI citations. | The Strike Out: The Judge granted the Strike Out Application, officially striking out the Amended Defences filed by the First, Second, and Third Defendants (which were prepared by Lutfi & Co.). AI Affidavit Requirement: The Defendants were granted leave to re-plead in draft form, but any new Defence must be accompanied by a sworn Affidavit from their instructing solicitor confirming either that AI was not used, or if it was, identifying where and confirming the accuracy was verified. Financial Penalty: Crucially, the Court ordered that the First, Second, and Third Defendants must pay the Claimants’ costs for the Strike Out Application. |
| Annexure Court Fees, from 13 February 2025 to 24 September 2025 | A collection of official DIFC Courts financial invoices and payment receipts. | Content: The file serves as financial proof of the specific court fees and disbursements paid by you (Salah Masri) and your former counsel (Lutfi & Co.) during case CFI-066-2024. |
| Annexure-Order-24-Mar-2026, the ultimate proof | An “Order with Reasons” issued by H.E. Justice Thomas Bathurst in the DIFC Court, This order represents the final judicial assessment of the financial damages (wasted costs) resulting from the earlier orders on 7 August and 4 September 2025, which penalized the Defendants for the defective, AI-generated pleadings filed by their counsel. | Key Directives & Assessment: The Judge reviewed the opposing Claimants’ staggering demand of AED 735,845.42 and agreed with you (the First Defendant) that this amount was inordinately high and improperly included general litigation costs rather than just the costs associated with the strike-out of the fabricated pleadings. Applying the principle of proportionality, the Judge drastically reduced the opposing party’s claimed hours for partner and trainee time. Final Penalty: The Court finalized the Wasted Costs Order, formally directing you (the First, Second, and Third Defendants) to pay an assessed total of AED 343,953.75 to the opposing Claimants. |
| Annexure P Spans from December 2024 to August 2025 | A compilation of financial records, invoices, bank statements, and payment receipts, This document serves as concrete proof of the financial damages and legal fees paid. | Law Firm Billing: Lutfi & Co.’s bank details, proforma invoices, and a Statement of Account addressed to Salah Masri, tracking the total agreed retainer of AED 115,500 (incl. VAT) and acknowledging partial payments received. Proof of Transfers: Multiple mobile banking receipts and official ADCB bank statements for The Hair Crafters Company LLC. These corroborate numerous instalment payments made directly to Lutfi & Co. between April and August 2025 (e.g., transfers of AED 10,000, AED 5,000, AED 6,000, etc.). Court Fees: A DIFC Courts payment receipt for USD 1,901.97 (AED 6,985.00) dated 5 August 2025, specifically for filing the “Defence with counterclaim”. |
| July Wit Stats Date: 22 July 2025 | formal Witness Statements, to support their application to amend their original Statements of Defense after retaining Lutfi & Co. as legal counsel | Key Admissions: Both defendants formally admit to missing the Court’s 21 April 2025 document production deadline, explaining that this procedural failure occurred because they were self-represented and lacked knowledge of DIFC Court rules at the time. They both state that they have now engaged Lutfi & Co. to regularize the record and properly structure their defenses. |
Supporting Documents – View Files
ANNEXURE 7
Annexure Court Fees
ANNEXURE 8
ANNEXURE P
Annexure-Strike-Out-Order-4-Sep-2025
Annexure-Order-24-Mar-2026
JULY WIT.STATS
ANNEXURE-FIRST-COST-ORDER-7-AUG-2025
3. Defence of a Claim – First Defendant – 1-June-2026
Brief Details the Defence
- No Personal Liability
1.1 She argues that your contract was strictly with Lutfi & Co. (the Second Defendant), and therefore she personally owed you no contractual or fiduciary duties.
- Late Payment Excuse
2.1 She claims the firm was not obligated to start work or supervise your case until you fully paid the AED 50,000 initial fee, which she states was paid in unstructured installments and only completed on 17 July 2025.
3. Blaming the Victim
Key Admissions (What She Confesses)
- The AI Hallucinations
1.1 She explicitly admits that the amended defences submitted by her firm contained unverified, incorrect legal citations and references to cases generated by artificial intelligence.
- Professional Duty
2.1 She admits that it is the strict responsibility of legal practitioners before the DIFC Courts to verify legal citations if an AI tool is used for research.
3. Unauthorized Filing
3.1 She admits that the draft amended defence was filed on 10 July 2025 without you being provided a copy to review beforehand.
4. Designated Counsel
She admits that under the Retainer Agreement, she was specifically designated by Lutfi & Co. to work on your matter
Key Denials (What She Disputes)
- Denies Drafting the Fake Cases
1.1 She claims she did not personally draft the defective defences, was unaware of the AI use before they were submitted, and only found out about the issue from the opposing counsel on 13 August 2025.
- Denies the Second Claimant’s Standing
2.1 She denies that Iuliia Valiullina was ever a party to the Retainer Agreement, as it was only addressed to and signed by you (Salah Masri)She denies that Iuliia Valiullina was ever a party to the Retainer Agreement, as it was only addressed to and signed by you (Salah Masri).
3. Denies Forcing Witness Statements
3.1 She denies compelling you to sign the July Witness Statements, arguing they were sent via WhatsApp and returned by you without any comment or objection regarding their contents.
4. Denies You Mitigated Damages
She argues that by abruptly terminating them on 2 September 2025 and failing to hire a new DIFC practitioner to argue down the costs, you actively worsened your financial penalty.
Hearing Counter Arguments
- The “I Didn’t Draft It” Defense:
A designated senior counsel cannot sign a Statement of Truth on a court pleading and later claim ignorance of its contents to escape professional negligence.
- The “Late Payment” Excuse:
once they placed themselves on the court record as your representatives.
3. The Mitigation Argument:
firing them was the only reasonable way to mitigate further damages. They were submitting fabricated law to the court; allowing them to continue representing you would have exposed you to even greater judicial sanctions.
4. Defence of a Claim – Second Defendant – 1-June-2026
Brief Details the Defence
- distance the firm’s owner
- blame you for the initial state of the case
3. Blaming the Victim
Key Admissions (What the Firm Concedes)
- Employment & Authority
1.1 The firm admits that Salman Lutfi owns the firm and that Harjeet Bhatia (the First Defendant) is a senior employee authorized to represent the firm before the DIFC Courts.
- The Attempted Cover-Up
The firm admits that on 14 August 2025, they contacted opposing counsel to supply links to authorities and requested consent to file “corrected versions” of the pleadings.
3. The Court Orders
The firm admits the existence of both the 7 August 2025 Wasted Costs Order and the 4 September 2025 Strike-Out Order.
Key Denials (What the Firm Disputes)
- Denial of AI Use & Misconduct
1.1 Unlike Harjeet Bhatia (who admitted the AI use), the firm explicitly refuses to admit that AI was used, stating this is merely your unproven allegation, and completely denies any dishonesty, deliberate misconduct, or professional negligence.
- Blaming the “Inherited” Mess
The firm denies causing the procedural disorder, arguing they inherited an “already difficult” and “compromised” case because you acted as a litigant in person for months.
3. Denies Forcing Witness Statements
arguing they accurately reflected your lack of familiarity with DIFC procedures.
4. Denies You Mitigated Damages
The firm strongly denies that firing them was a reasonable mitigation step. They argue that your “abrupt” termination on 2 September 2025 prevented them from opposing the strike-out application or correcting the record, making you responsible for the final costs
Hearing Counter Arguments
The firm’s defense relies heavily on deflecting blame.
5. Reply to Defence – 8 -June-2026
KEY RESPONSES from the Reply
A – Defeating the “Late Payment” Excuse
The Defendants argue they owed no duty to advise the Claimants regarding the 18 April Disclosure Order because the Claimants had not paid the full AED 50,000 fee.
–RESPONSE–
No Formal Notice of Withheld Services: The Retainer Agreement was signed on 13 March 2025.
If the Defendants intended to withhold legal services until full payment, they had a professional duty of “good faith and fair dealing” to explicitly warn you of this.
Written Assurances of Active Work: the firm’s representative (Ms. Manaf) explicitly assured you via WhatsApp in April and May 2025 that they were “actively working on your case” and “fully committed to protecting your interests”. They cannot assure you they are handling the case and later claim they owed you no duty.
Action Before Full Payment: The Defendants actually filed formal notices to go on the Court record on your behalf before receiving the full payment. This completely contradicts their claim that their obligations were strictly contingent on full payment.
B – Defeating the “Inherited Procedural Mess” Excuse
The Defendants blame the Wasted Costs on the mistakes you made while acting as a litigant in person prior to hiring them. You can defeat this by arguing:
–RESPONSE–
No Nexus to the AI Hallucinations: The Defendants completely fail to explain how your prior status as a self-represented litigant forced them to insert non-existent, AI-generated legal authorities into formal court pleadings.
Damages Occurred on Their Watch: The Wasted Costs Order (AED 343,953.75) specifically penalizes the defective amendments and Strike Out proceedings that occurred between 9 July and 4 September 2025. This is the exact period when the Defendants were formally on the Court record and fully in charge of the drafting. The Court’s penalty did not stem from the 18 April Order.
C – Defeating the “Evading responsibility, (Who is Liable?)
The Second Defendant (Lutfi & Co.) argues its owner never met you, and the First Defendant (Harjeet Bhatia) argues she was just an employee who didn’t sign the contract. You can defeat this by arguing:
–RESPONSE–
Corporate Liability: You contracted with the Firm (Lutfi & Co.), not the individual owner. By designating Harjeet Bhatia and Karina Manaf to handle your case in the Retainer Agreement, the Firm assumed direct contractual liability for their professional negligence.
Explicit Assumption of Responsibility: Formal letters issued by Lutfi & Co. on 25 July 2025 explicitly stated that “entire responsibility and liability” for the conduct of the proceedings rested with Ms. Harjeet Bhatia. This establishes joint and several liability between both Defendants.
D – Defeating the “Failure to Mitigate” (Firing Them) Excuse
The Defendants argue that by filing an Urgent Application and firing them on 2 September 2025, you caused the final Strike Out. You can defeat this by pointing out.
–RESPONSE–
A Necessary Mitigation: Firing them was a necessary mitigatory response. Once you discovered they had submitted fabricated case law to the Court, the attorney-client trust was irreparably damaged. It was unreasonable to expect you to allow them to continue filing documents on your behalf.
Highlighting Key Admissions
- The First Defendant formally admitted that the draft pleadings were not provided to you for review before filing.
- The First Defendant formally admitted that the legal citations were not verified before being submitted to the Court.
The firm admits that on 14 August 2025, they contacted opposing counsel to supply links to authorities and requested consent to file “corrected versions” of the pleadings.
3. The Court Orders
The firm admits the existence of both the 7 August 2025 Wasted Costs Order and the 4 September 2025 Strike-Out Order.
FULL REPLY TO DEFENCE
1 Definitions and Interpretation
2 Preliminary Reply to the Defences
2.1 Pursuant to RDC 16.16 – 16.17 the Claimants file this Reply to the Defences served by the Defendants on 1 June 2026.
2.2 This Reply is confined to new matters, contradictions, factual mischaracterisations, admissions, and allegations requiring clarification failing to meet requirement of RDC 17.27
2.3 unless expressly admitted, all allegations, denials, assertions and implications contained in the Defences are denied with reasons given herein.
2.4 The Claimants rely upon the Particulars of Claim dated 13 May 2026, the documents exhibited thereto, and the documents referred to in this Reply.
2.5 To the extent that this Reply does not deal with every matter raised in the Defences, the Claimants do not admit such matters and require the Defendants to prove the same pursuant to RDC 17.35
2.6 This Reply is not intended to plead new causes of action. It is intended to answer the matters raised in the Defences and to clarify the existing pleaded case further.
2.7 Legal framework relied upon is detailed in section 13 of this Reply.
3 The Defendants’ Principal Grounds of Avoidance
3.1 The Claimants reject the reliance upon the following contrived pretexts: (a) – payments of professional fees were staggered. (b) – segmenting timeline of legal representation. (c) – previous pleadings while litigant in person.
3.1 Those matters do not provide a complete answer to the central causation pleaded in the Particulars of Claim. A defense predicated on the assertion that no professional duties were owed prior to the receipt of full payment is legally untenable, the Claimants relay the duty of “good faith and fair dealing” Article 57 of the DIFC Contract Law (Law No. 6 of 2004)
3.2 The execution of the Retainer Agreement on 13 March 2025, predating the relevant Court Order, coupled with the initial fee remittances, imposed a positive duty upon CFI Counsel to place the CFI Defendants on clear and timely notice if they intended to withhold legal services, advice, review or procedural guidance pending full payment, particularly concerning the 18 April Disclosure Order. No such notice was ever served.
3.3 This early non-preference in the absence of reasonable notice is precisely a breach of terms (1. Review of case files) and (8. Provide timely updates) of the agreement, The subsequent written assurances provided on 5 and 30 June 2025 further evidence the Second Defendant’s actionable negligence regarding the 18 April Order.
3.4 The Claimants do not allege that mere inaction, by itself, is a standalone cause of action, the pleaded complaint is that, having accepted the retainer, having received payments, and having communicated with the Claimants regarding the matter, CFI Counsel failed to provide basic procedural advice, warning, or timely clarification in relation to the 18 April 2025 Disclosure Order.
3.5 the CFI Counsel’ minimum professional duty was to promptly advise the CFI Defendants to independently comply with the 18 April Order prior to the deadline, even if their allegations are true.
3.6 The Defendants’ reliance on late payment is inconsistent with their own communications. The Claimants rely upon correspondence and WhatsApp communications with Ms Manaf, in which Second Defendant acknowledged receipt of partial payments on 18 April 2025, stating that the matter was being worked on, and indicating that procedural steps would be taken. These communications are inconsistent with any allegation that no duty of advice existed until full payment had been received.
3.7 The principal adverse costs liability relied upon is the amount assessed by the Court by Order dated 24 March 2026 in the sum of AED 343,953.75, arising from the costs ordered by reference to the Orders dated 7 August 2025 and 4 September 2025. representing the net wasted costs incurred by the CFI Claimants between 9 July and 4 September 2025, the formally acted on the Court record. precise period during which the CFI Counsel
3.8 Furthermore, the 24 March 2026 Order encompasses no costs originating from the 18 April Order, and no such costs are claimed herein. Consequently, the Defendants’ attempt to limit their liability to the date of their formal appearance on the Court record is logically immaterial.
3.9 The total quantum of damages pleaded in the Particulars of Claim consists of (a) the amount mandated by the 24 March 2026 Order, and (b) restitution of fees paid for legal representation, wasted court fees, related disbursements (including costs incurred with the struck-out Counterclaim), and the additional corrective costs incurred within the CFI-066-2024 Proceedings.
4 Key Matters left unanswered
4.1 The Defendants failed to specify any legal or factual nexus demonstrating how the Claimants’ prior litigant-in-person status caused the later insertion of incorrect or non-existent legal authorities into amended defences drafted and filed by CFI Counsel. This is central to causation.
4.2 The Defendants conflate the Claimants’ general knowledge of the factual defense with informed knowledge of, or consent to, the inclusion of fabricated legal citations.
4.3 The Defendants’ position regarding the non-compliance of the 18 April Order in the CFI-066-2024 Proceedings was originally attributed to a “lack of understanding” by the CFI Defendants while in these proceedings, it has morphed into a “late payment” assertion. integrity of the pleaded defences.
4.4 The Defendants have not answered the Claimants’ pleaded distinction between ordinary amendment costs and the consequences arising from the strike-out of the amended defences and counterclaims following the Court’s concerns regarding AI-assisted materials, false references and misleading content.
5 Material admissions in the Defences
- Drafts were not formally provided before filing, Paragraph (14.3) First Defendant’s Defence.
• Legal citations were not verified before filing, Paragraph (37.3.) First Defendant’s Defence.
• The Second Defendant admits that the First Defendant is an employee and a registered practitioner authorized to represent the firm before the DIFC Courts, Paragraph (5.)
6 Material contradictions in the Defences
6.1 The Defendants rely on the timeline of fee payments to disclaim early obligations, yet simultaneously admit to filing formal notices with the Court on the Claimants’ behalf prior to the receipt of full payment.
6.2 The Defendants contradictory positions regarding the assumption of liability is noticeable. As the registered legal representative on record and the contracted Firm respectively, the Defendants are jointly and severally liable for all submissions executed through their portal, irrespective of any internal delegation to assistants.
6.3 The Defences present inconsistent positions regarding the fabricated citations, the First Defendant admits the presence of erroneous citations, whereas the Second Defendant evades the admission and improperly attempts to shift liability to the First Claimant.
6.4 The Defendants’ case also seeks to treat the Claimants’ prior litigant-in-person conduct as the cause of the loss, while the pleaded loss arose from later amended defences and counterclaims prepared, verified, filed and/or advanced after CFI Counsel had assumed conduct of the relevant amendment process.
7 Replay to the Defendant’s argument
7.1 The First Defendant contends that she acted solely as an employee, was not a party to the Retainer Agreement, and assumed no personal responsibility for the conduct of the case. That contention is denied as a defence to the pleaded duty of care, assumption of responsibility, professional responsibility, and/or responsibility for documents signed, filed or issued under her name, signature or authority.
7.2 in the Lutfi & Co Advocate’s formal letters dated 25 July 2025 executed by Harikrishnan Ravindran to represent the CFI Defendants at the 31 July hearing explicitly contravene this assertion. These documents unequivocally state that: I. ) “All documents that have been filed or are required to be filed will be prepared and filed by Ms. Harjeet Kaur. I bear no responsibility towards preparation and filing of these documents.” II. ) “The entire responsibility and liability for conduct of these proceedings on behalf of Lutfi & Co Advocate and Legal Consultants rests with Ms. Harjeet Kaur…”
7.3 Mr Harikrishnan of Lutfi & Co mistakenly signed off a Skeleton Argument of CFI Claimants instead of CFI Defendants and appeared at the 31 July 2025 CMC, further evidencing a systemic failure to review documents prior to Court submission 7.4 Accordingly, the Defendant’s attempt to deny any responsibility is inconsistent with the documents issued by or on behalf of the Second Defendant and with the practical conduct of the CFI-066-2024 Proceedings.
7.5 The Claimants rely upon those formal letters as irrefutable documentary evidence establishing joint and several liability between the Defendants. Annexure 14 – Annexure 1 – filed on 12 May
8 The Second Claimant’s Standing
8.1 The attempt to exclude the Second Claimant is denied. Annexure 1 – filed on 12 May
8.2 The claim is not advanced solely on a narrow contractual basis. The Defendants acted in the CFI-066-2024 Proceedings for the benefit of both CFI Defendants, filed a Notice of Change of Legal Representative for the Second Claimant, drafted and filed documents on her behalf.
8.3 The 25 July 2025 engagement documents also referred to representation of 3 named defendants in CFI-066-2024, including the Second Claimant.
8.4 The Second Claimant’s claim is therefore maintained in representation letters, and in professional negligence, assumption of responsibility, reliance, and foreseeable economic loss.
8.5 Further, the adverse costs order assessed on 24 March 2026 was made against, among others, Ms Iuliia Valiullina. The Second Claimant therefore has a direct interest in the pleaded loss and in the causation issues arising from the Defendants’ conduct.
9 Clarification on the Staggered Payment of Fees
9.1 The assertion that the CFI Counsel’s obligations under the Retainer Agreement were contingent solely upon the receipt of full payment now relied on as a defense is denied.
9.2 Documentary evidence establishes that the Second Defendant promised, via correspondence on; (a) On 12 March 2025, to commence work immediately upon the execution of the Agreement and stated that an invoice would follow. The Retainer Agreement was executed the following day. (b) On 20 March 2025, case documents are being reviewed directly from the Court Portal as the log in permitted by the First Claimant to his account by the Second Defendant was successful, in that correspondence Ms. Manaf on behalf of the Second Defendant requested some time to complete the review, and to get back to the First Claimant accordingly. (c) This was followed with promises during April via WatsApp that the Firm is working on the case.
9.3 AED 17,000 of the initial AED 50,000 fee was remitted prior to the 18 April Disclosure Order; however, the corresponding invoice was not issued before late July 2025. Page of 6 14 Drafted by the First Claimant, 8 Jun 26
9.4 At that material time, the Claimants did not demand the immediate filing of a Defence, but reasonably expected competent guidance regarding the opposing party’s Request to Produce, or minimally, a timely instruction to respond in person because no legal advice would be provided until a payment condition had been satisfied. Annexure 12 – Annexure P – filed on 12 May
9.5 Notwithstanding the executed Agreement and partial payment, the CFI Counsel’s negligent omission regarding the April Disclosure Order proximately caused the CFI Defendants to breach a mandatory Court directive. This initial professional failure irreparably damaged the attorney-client trust and constituted the basis for the refund request.
9.6 with that in consideration, the Defendants explicitly assumed a duty of care long before the receipt of full payment. “a duty of care arises where there is an assumption of responsibility” Article 18 of the DIFC Law of Obligations (Law No. 5 of 2005)
The Claimants refer the Court to the direct WhatsApp correspondence with the Second Defendant’s representative, Ms. Karina Manaf:
(a) On 26 April 2025, following a partial payment remittance, Ms. Manaf explicitly stated: “I saw your email, please note that we’re working on your case and will update you on the same by latest by Wednesday”.
(b) On 2 May 2025, Ms. Manaf further solidified this assumption of responsibility, stating: “Please rest assured that we are actively working on your case and remain fully committed to protecting your interests. We have reviewed the recent correspondence from the Court… Our immediate course of action is to file a Notice of Change of Legal Representative… Following this, we will proceed to submit the application to refile the Defense and Counterclaim…”. Annexure 15
9.7 The Defendants cannot reassure a client in April and May that they are “actively working on your case” and ” fully committed to protecting your no professional duties were owed until July. interests,” only to subsequently argue before this Court that
9.8 Accordingly, any defense relying upon the staggered payment schedule or the Claimants’ prior litigant-in-person status as an exculpatory mechanism must be dismissed as legally deficient.
10 Clarification on 1st Cost Order – Schedule of Reasons
10.1 The Claimants acknowledge the general rule under RDC Part 18.27 that the amending party bears the costs of the amendment. The Claimants have never sought damages for standard amendment costs; rather, damages are sought strictly in relation to the penal costs incurred when the Amended Defences were struck out in their entirety.
As detailed in the Schedule of Reasons issued by H.E. Justice Thomas Bathurst:
Paragraph 3. ” Following the filing of those defences the Claimants discovered that the defences had been prepared substantially with the assistance of artificial intelligence which contained a number of false references and other misleading material. As a consequence, the Claimants sought to strike out the amended defences and counterclaims of each of the Defendants.”
Paragraph 4. “At a CMC on 28 August 2025, and by way of the Order dated 4 September 2025, I ordered those defences be struck out.”
10.2 The judicial findings of the honourable judge conclusively preclude the Second Defendant’s assertion that the Claimants’ 2 September Urgent Application merely ‘adopted’ the opposing party’s position, and render the Second Defendant’s demand for ‘strict proof’ as satisfied.
10.3 The ultimate determination of liability regarding the defective amendments, in light of the Court’s explicit Schedule of Reasons, remains the exclusive purview of this Honourable Court.
11 Specific Reply to the Defence of the First Defendant
11.1 to Paragraph 4.7 The matters pleaded therein amount to an admission that the First Defendant had knowledge of the procedural advancements in the CFI-066-2024 Proceedings. Yet, the First Defendant failed to notify the CFI Defendants to comply with the 18 April Order in person. This contrasts with the email dated 20 March 2025, wherein the Second Defendant (with the First Defendant copied) requested a short time to review the case documents, but failed to provide any subsequent update.
11.2 to Paragraphs 7.1 to 7.6 The First Defendant denies owing any contractual, fiduciary, any duties of care but fails to reconcile this denial with her personal signature, verified by a Statement of Truth, upon multiple iterations of the filed Defences. the Claimants maintain their pleaded case in professional negligence and assumption of responsibility.
11.3 to Paragraphs 9.3 (1) (2), These paragraphs fundamentally mischaracterize the material evidence. The correspondence dated 18 March 2025 concerned documents relating to the Statement of Defence, It did not concern the separate documents later identified in the CFI Claimants’ Request to Produce and/ or ordered by the Court on 18 April 2025, which the CFI Counsel totally ignored.
11.4 Further to Annexure 2, The 20 attached documents represented only a portion of the materials in the CFI First Defendant’s possession. Crucially, the eRegistry login credentials were provided, obligating the Second Defendant to revert with precise document requests to avoid duplicative filings, an obligation they failed to meet. Annexure 12
11.5 to Paragraphs 15 to 15.3 These paragraphs impermissibly conflate “documents ordered for disclosure” with “documents the CFI Defendants “wished to rely upon” Furthermore, the present claim does not seek damages merely in respect of supporting documents.
11.6 to Paragraphs 16.2 (1,2,3 and 4) These allegations concern pleadings that predate the 7 January 2025 Particulars of Claim in the CFI-066-2024 proceedings. These materials were not included in the Strike Out Order and are therefore irrelevant to the proximate cause of damages in the present claim.
11.7 to Paragraph 17.2 The assertion that ” the time for document production had passed” directly contradicts Paragraph 4.7, wherein the First Defendant admits possessing knowledge from 13 March regarding the impending 21 April disclosure deadline, The issue is that CFI Counsel, having accepted the retainer, received payments, failed to provide timely advice, warning, or notice concerning compliance with the 18 April 2025 Disclosure Order.
11.8 to Paragraph 19. (3) The Claimants reiterate the rebuttals set forth in Paragraphs 10.3 and 10.4 herein, The Court is invited to compare the relevant Annexures 12 with 13.
11.9 to Paragraph 20.3 The First Defendant improperly conflates the wider CFI-066-2024 case documents with the specific defective amended pleadings drafted exclusively by the CFI Counsel. Such intentional obfuscation serves only to prolong proceedings and increase costs.
11.10 to Paragraph 21.1 The cited correspondence was expressly intended to prevent any further filings while the CFI Defendants investigated matters arising from the CFI Claimants’ Skeleton Argument regarding the insertion of fabricated or AI-generated legal authorities by the CFI Counsel.
11.11 to Paragraph 23.2 The cited rule explains precisely why the CFI Defendants did not issue a formal complaint prior to the issuance of the penal Strike Out Order.
11.12 to Paragraph 39 The defense raised evidences further negligence. The First Defendant was copied on correspondence wherein Ms. Manaf provided factually incorrect assurances to the CFI Defendants, despite having unrestricted access to the CFI First Defendant’s eRegistry profile since 20 March 2025, where the CFI-066-2024 pleadings were listed.
11.13 to Paragraph 42.1 The Claimants’ awareness of the general factual matters to be pleaded is not legally equivalent to possessing knowledge of, or granting consent to, the inclusion of fabricated legal references.
11.14 to Paragraph 43.2 The assertion that the “CFI Counsel were not under any obligation” demonstrates a fundamental misapprehension of the Claimants’ pleaded case. CFI Counsel were obliged either to provide timely procedural guidance or to place the CFI Defendants on clear notice that no service would be provided before full payment rather than remain silent and later rely on non payment as an answer to their omissions.
12 Specific Reply to the Defence of the Second Defendant
12.1 to Paragraph 6., The Particulars of Claim do not sue Mr. Lutfi in his personal capacity, nor dependent upon proving that he personally drafted the defective documents. The Claimants’ cause of action is predicated on the fact that Lutfi & Co. in its corporate capacity, was the contracting legal service provider, acting through its authorized personnel, including the First Defendant and Ms. Karina Manaf.
12.1 (a). The Contracting Party is the Firm, Not the Individual Owner
• The Second Defendant attempts to evade liability by asserting that its owner, Mr. Lutfi, neither met the Claimants nor worked on the matter. This assertion is legally immaterial. The Claimants executed a formal Retainer Agreement (titled “Engagement Letter”) with the Second Defendant, Lutfi & Co. This Agreement was issued on official letterhead, explicitly stated “The firm has been engaged…”, and concluded with the official signature and stamp of the Firm.
12.1 (b) Direct Assumption of Liability for Assigned Personnel
• The Second Defendant cannot disclaim responsibility for the First Defendant’s conduct. The Retainer Agreement expressly dictates that “The members of the firm who will be working on your matter are Ms. Harjeet Bhatia… and Karina Manaf.”
• By designating these individuals to perform the firm’s contractual obligations, the Second Defendant assumed contractual liability for their professional conduct. Furthermore, the subsequent Engagement Letters dated 25 July 2025 explicitly state that responsibility rests with the First Defendant “on behalf of Lutfi & Co Advocate and Legal Consultants. Annexure 1 – filed on 12 May
12.2 The Second Defendant admits it is a sole proprietary firm and that the First Defendant is an employee/registered practitioner authorized to represent it before the DIFC Courts. Consequently, any professional negligence or breach executed by the First Defendant under the banner of Lutfi & Co. constitutes a direct breach by the Second Defendant. The demand for “strict proof” of Mr. Lutfi’s personal involvement is a misdirection.
12.3 to Paragraph 8., The Particulars of Claim reference the date of the Retainer Agreement, not the date of execution. The damages sought arise from documented professional misconduct, not from oral warranties.
12.4 to Paragraph 10., the first cause led to damage resulted from the Second Defendant’s non performance and failure to provide formal notice of its intent to withhold services, while the second cause led to sever damage materialized strictly while the Second Defendant was formally on record.
12.5 to Paragraph 11., There are no allegations in the Particular of Claim that the amendment of Defense was not needed. In fact It was needed, and the Claimants by the relevant time never issued any complaints about the cost of the amendment, until these amended defences were struck out in their entirety with cost.
12.6 to Paragraph 12., The Second Defendant’s denial of correspondence executed by its own employees is rejected. The Second Defendant possesses direct access to these communications via the official email and WhatsApp accounts assigned to Ms. Manaf. 12.7 to Paragraph 16., The Claimants have never averred that the 7 August Order contained explicit findings of dishonesty, professional negligence, or AI-related misconduct.
12.8 to Paragraph 17., The Claimants’ Urgent Application dated 2 Sep 2025 is subsequent to the oral Strike Out ruling issued by H.E. Justice Thomas Bathurst during the 28 August 2025 CMC. The Application did not cause the Strike Out; rather, it was a necessary mitigatory response to the CFI Counsel’s failure to furnish contrary factual evidence to the Court. 12.9 to Paragraph 18., The Claimants note that the term “other things” used by the Second Defendant is inconsistent with closing sentence of Paragraph 14. thereon.
12.10 to Paragraph 20., the Second Defendant’s denial amount to a challenge to the judicial findings codified in the Schedule of Reasons accompanying the 24 March Order. The present claim is firmly based on established judicial determinations. Not personal opinions.
12.10 to Paragraph 22., The pleaded breach is the filing of amended defences containing false, incorrect or unverified authorities in the first place, without prior client review or proper verification. The later attempt to correct those references is relevant, at most, to mitigation and causation. It does not retrospectively authorises the original filing, nor does it remove liability for loss already caused or not prevented.
12.11 to Paragraph 30., The factual assertions within the witness statements relied upon by the Second Defendant do not provide a defence to the insertion of misleading legal references. Those witness statements did not contain any warning to the CFI Defendants that artificial intelligence had been used, that legal authorities were unverified, or that false citations had been inserted.
12.12 to Paragraphs 39. to 43. the Claimants deny the need to prove enforceable liability and rely upon the Court’s Order dated 24 March 2026 as creating an enforceable liability, irrespective of whether all sums have yet been discharged. The Second Defendants is invited to review Annexure P where payments, invoices filed in support to the claim at this pleading stage.
12.21 Further the Defendants were invited by the Legal Notice paragraph 5 to settle the amount ordered on the 24 March by direct deposit into the Court or CFI Claimants’ bank account on behalf of the Claimants. no double recovery is ever intended. Any recoverable loss will be subject to proof, causation, mitigation, and any appropriate apportionment determined by the Court.
13 Legal Framework Relied Upon
13.1 The Claimants rely on the statutory and procedural provisions pleaded in the Particulars of Claim and further rely on the following provisions as they answer the matters raised in the Defences.
13. 2 DIFC Law of Obligations No . 5 of 2005
(a) Article 17 is relied upon for the elements of negligence, namely duty of care, breach, causation and loss.
(b) Article 18 is relied upon in answer to the Defendants’ denial of duty, including the issues of foreseeability, proximity, fairness, and assumption of responsibility.
(c) Article 20 is relied upon as the claim includes pure economic loss arising from professional advice, assumption of responsibility, reliance and reasonable reliance.
(d) Article 21 is relied upon for the standard of care expected from a professional person exercising and professing the relevant special skill.
13. 3 DIFC Contract Law No . 6 of 2004
(a) Articles 56 to 58 are relied upon as contractual obligations may be express or implied, including obligations arising from good faith, fair dealing, reasonableness, and co-operation.
(b) Article 64 is relied upon as performance must be made at the fixed time, within the relevant period, or otherwise within a reasonable time.
(c) Article 77 is relied upon because non-performance includes failure to perform, defective performance and late performance.
(d) Article 80 is relied upon in answer to the Defendants’ alleged correction attempt. Any cure must be notified and effected promptly, and does not remove liability for delay or harm caused or not prevented by the cure.
(e) Articles 109 to 113 are relied upon for the right to damages, full compensation, measure of damages, certainty and foreseeability.
(f) Articles 116 to 119 are relied upon as the Defendants raise contributory harm, mitigation and interest.
(g) Articles 136 and 145 are relied upon as agency principles are relevant to duties of care, skill, and liability for loss caused by breach of duty.
(h) Articles 160 to 163 are relied upon as the Second Defendant seeks to avoid responsibility by referring to Mr Lutfi’s personal non-involvement, while the firm acted through authorised or apparently authorised personnel.
13 . 4 DIFC Law of Damages and Remedies No . 7 of 2005
(a) Articles 8 to 12 are relied upon as the claim concerns damages arising from breach of contract, including full compensation, measure of damages, certainty and foreseeability.
(b) Articles 23 to 32 are relied upon as the claim concerns damages for breach of obligations, including full compensation, measure of damages, foreseeability, contributory loss, mitigation, prohibition of double recovery and interest.
13.5 Rules of the DIFC Courts
(a) RDC 16.16 – 16.17 are relied upon as the procedural basis for this Reply.
(b) RDC 17.26 to 17.30 are relied upon as the Defences are required to state what is admitted, denied, not admitted, and the reasons for any denial.
(c) RDC 17.34 to 17.36 are relied upon as a claimant is not taken to admit matters raised in a defence..
(d) RDC 18.26 and 18.27 are relied upon as amended statements of case must be verified by a statement of truth and as the Defendants rely upon the usual amendment-cost rule.
(e) RDC 22.21 to 22.24 are relied upon as legal representatives signed or verified statements of case and thereby represented that the client authorised the signature and was informed of the consequences.
13.7 The Claimants do not contend that every breach of the RDC or the Code automatically creates a freestanding private law cause of action. The Claimants rely on the RDC and the Code as part of the procedural and professional framework informing the standard of care, breach, causation, foreseeability, mitigation and the reasonableness of the Defendants’ conduct.
14 Conclusion
14.1 For the reasons set out above and in the Particulars of Claim, the Claimants maintain that the Defences fail to provide a complete answer to the pleaded claims.
14.2 The Claimants maintain that the pleaded losses were caused by the Defendants’ breach of contractual and/or professional duties, including failures to advise, failures to provide prior review, failures to verify legal references, failures to supervise filings, and failures to take effective remedial steps in time.
14.3 The Claimants reserve the right to rely upon further documents, correspondence, court orders, pleadings and transcripts from the CFI-066-2024 Proceedings as they are relevant to the issues raised by the Defences
6. CMC – 16 -June-2026
CMC Oral Quick Reference
1. SCT / CFI Issue Say>
Your Excellency, the Claimants’ primary position is that this matter should remain in the CFI because it is not a straightforward fixed-value debt claim. It involves two Claimants, two Defendants, professional-negligence issues, disputed responsibility for court pleadings, two separate costs orders, incomplete financial records, substantial document production and a proposed counterclaim.
2. The Claim Form states AED 500,000 Say>
I acknowledge that the Claim Form presently records AED 500,000 and that RDC 53.2 must therefore be considered. That figure was calculated using the invoices, receipts and payment evidence available when the claim was issued. It was not based upon a complete financial reconciliation.
3. Why the amount is not finally quantified Say>
The Claimants possess only part of the financial record. Annexure P contains two pro forma invoices, one incomplete statement of account and various payment confirmations, but not the complete client ledger, final tax invoices, receipts, credit notes, Court-payment records or allocation of each payment.
4. Am I claiming unknown amounts now Say>
No. The Claimants are not asking the Court to accept speculative damages. We seek production of the complete financial records, followed by an updated Schedule of Loss and liberty to apply to amend only if further substantive loss is proved.
5. Why incomplete quantum supports the CFI Say>
The incomplete quantum is one part of the wider complexity. The Court must determine who paid each amount, for whose representation it was paid, whether it is recoverable by either present Claimant, whether it overlaps with another head of loss, and how it relates to the two separate costs orders.
SUPPORTED BY RDC 53.41 transfer considerations include the claim’s value, nature, remedies, complexity of fact, law and evidence, parties, counterclaims and oral evidence.
6. The continuing CFI-066-2024 proceedings Say>
The present causes of action and existing losses have already accrued. The continuing underlying proceedings do not make this claim premature, but they may affect final quantum and may require a supplemental Schedule of Loss if a further causally connected order is made.
7. If the Judge says only the SCT can hear it Say>
If Your Excellency, The Claimants accept that RDC 53.2 maybe appropriate for this initial allocation, If the Court concludes under RDC 53.2, the Claimants respectfully request transfer rather than dismissal. We request an administrative transfer preserving the existing filing and service so far as possible, and an expedited SCT consultation as the Court is able. AND Continue:
We further request an expedited SCT consultation so that reallocation to the CFI under RDC 53.41 can be considered on the existing record of complexity.
8. Why dismissal would be inappropriate Say>
The issue raised is one of internal allocation between parts of the DIFC Courts, not an absence of an underlying cause of action or DIFC jurisdiction. The Claimants therefore respectfully request transfer rather than dismissal.
We further request an expedited SCT consultation so that reallocation to the CFI under RDC 53.41 can be considered on the existing record of complexity.
9. Specific complexity factors Say>
The complexity arises from separate duties owed by each Defendant to each Claimant; the Second Claimant’s separate engagement; disputed authorship, supervision and verification of the amended defences; two different costs orders; causation, mitigation and apportionment; the involvement of Hair Crafters Company Ltd; incomplete financial records; a possible counterclaim; and significant electronic production.